The Ghanaian city of Kumasi, with a population of approximately 3.35 million, is the capital of the Ashanti Region and connects the north of Ghana with the south coast. Kumasi is an important destination and transit city for both internal migration and mixed migration from Nigeria to the east and several ECOWAS member countries to the west. Although migration is not a central policy issue in Kumasi, "organic" networks of city authorities, NGOs and community leaders are engaged in many ways on related issues. The Equal Partnerships project's stakeholder mapping shows that while migration is not officially on the local government's policy agenda, many actors deal with migrants in their daily activities beyond official policies, laws and regulations. There is great potential in establishing local-national dialogues to bridge the gap between recently adopted national migration policies and local action on the ground.

Gulu is one of Uganda's fastest growing intermediary cities. With about 150,000 people living in the city and more than 275,000 people living in the wider district, Gulu is the largest urban center in Uganda's northern region. Migration and (internal) displacement related to past civil wars, regional conflicts, economic inequality, climate change and environmental degradation play an important role in shaping the city of Gulu. As a result, various actors are addressing issues of human mobility in the city. To gain an overview of activities, partnerships and gaps in cooperation, the Equal Partnerships project conducted participatory field research and organized a local workshop in July 2022 in cooperation with the City of Gulu. The stakeholder mapping revealed that despite Uganda's internationally lauded "open" refugee policy, the predominant focus on refugee resettlement in rural settlements has rendered self-settled urban refugees highly invisible, limiting the capacity of local government, civil society and international organizations to support refugees in Gulu city.

The Kenyan city of Garissa, with a population of approximately 500,000, is the main urban center of Garissa County and a major economic hub in the region. Located 160 kilometers west of the Somali border and 100 kilometers southwest of the Dadaab refugee complex, Garissa faces significant challenges related to urban migration and displacement. To gain insights into the actors addressing migration and displacement, partnership dynamics and gaps in cooperation, the Equal Partnerships project conducted participatory field research and organized local workshops in partnership with Garissa County. The case study situates Garissa within the national and regional migration context, presents the results of stakeholder mapping, identifies opportunities and challenges for collaborative action on migration, and concludes with concrete policy recommendations for strengthening multi-stakeholder partnerships to address mixed migration in urban contexts.

Faced with displacement crises that have stretched asylum systems to their limits, countries have increasingly begun to use alternatives to traditional protection tools to provide displaced individuals with legal status and access to certain rights and forms of assistance. While such approaches are not completely new, they have gained prominence through national responses to three of the largest displacement crises of the post-World War II era: displacement from Syria, Venezuela, and Ukraine. The principal host governments in these three crises chose to provide legal status to millions of protection seekers by using existing immigration policies or new temporary statuses, rather than refugee or asylum systems.

This report—part of the Beyond Territorial Asylum: Making Protection Work in a Bordered World initiative led by MPI and the Robert Bosch Stiftung—examines each of these three cases, identifying similarities in the approaches taken to offering protection while recognizing the differences. The study explores the factors underpinning government decisions and their medium- to long-term implications, concluding with thoughts on what can be learned for future international displacement crises.

As Africa witnesses a profound transformation from rural to diverse urban societies, the spotlight has primarily focused on human mobility towards major urban centers. Yet, the crucial role of intermediary cities —bridging rural and metropolitan areas— remains overlooked in academic and policy discussions. In this policy paper, Janina Stürner-Siovitz and Lasse Juhl Morthorst from the Equal Partnerships Project, shed light on the vital yet neglected space of intermediary cities in Africa and explore what is needed on the local, national and international level to create sustainable multi-stakeholder partnerships to address urban migration processes.

Governments are increasingly exploring new pathways for refugee mobility, including complementary ones that connect refugees to work or study opportunities in a country other than the one in which they first sought safety. However, this push to expand the future prospects of refugees is impeded by refugees' limited access to travel documents and restrictions on their use. As a result, refugees are often unable to travel internationally safely and legally. This limits their agency and keeps pressure on key refugee-hosting countries by preventing refugees from taking advantage of opportunities abroad. In this brief, Samuel Davidoff-Gore examines the types of travel documents available, the challenges refugees face in obtaining and using them, and the steps governments and other stakeholders could take to address these challenges. The brief is part of the Beyond Territorial Asylum: Making Protection Work in a Bordered World initiative undertaken by MPI and the Robert Bosch Stiftung. The initiative seeks to address challenges to asylum systems that are under immense pressure and seize the opportunity to explore and test new ways to facilitate access to protection that better support equity and result in more flexible, sustainable infrastructure. 
 

The green transition is not just about expanding sustainability, it also creates an enormous demand for skilled workers. In this policy paper, Sam Huckstep and Helen Dempster examine the demand and supply dynamics of skills crucial to the green transition in both the Global South and North. Focusing on the installation and maintenance workforce in solar photovoltaic panels and heat pumps, their findings reveal a critical shortage of skilled workers in almost all ten countries studied. Particularly challenging is the scenario in the Global North, compelled to accelerate emission cuts amidst aging populations. To meet green transition targets, migration emerges as a vital complement to local training and reskilling efforts. While the global shortage of green-skilled workers must be recognized, the authors emphasize that such a skills-based migration strategy must be coupled with robust support for training and retaining talents locally.